By analyzing the relationship between lesbian and gay movements and the state, this ground-breaking book addresses two interconnected issues: to what extent is the lesbian and gay movement influenced by the state and, to a lesser extent, whether the lesbian and gay movement has somehow influenced the state, for instance by altering forms of sexual regulation. Given the diversity in national trajectories, this book covers fifteen countries. This enables the volume to shed light on different kinds of relationships between these groups and the state, as well as on the way they have evolved in recent decades. The Lesbian and Gay Movement and the State: Comparative Insights into a Transformed Relationship fills an important gap in the literature on lesbian and gay activism. However, this book also provides important and innovative insights into broader issues in international political science, public policy and comparative politics, as well as issues in social movement studies. These include the role of the state in constructing citizen identities, the heteronormative way in which many traditional citizen entitlements and benefits were constructed, state - civil society relations, judicial activism, the impact of federalism, and the increasing globalization of sexual identities.

The representation of women in parliament is a subject of extensive research and a focus for political action in the last decade. The wide variation in women's parliamentary presence contradicts the expectation that established or consolidated democracies are more supportive of the presence of women in political life than emerging democracies. This volume explains this variation through a series of closely investigated case studies from the post-Communist transition democracies of Eastern Europe and emerging democracies in Asia and the Middle East to the long-established liberal democratic states. The volume examines the history of women's legislative involvement, clearly addressing the issue of equal opportunities for women in political life on a cross-national basis. It also identifies innovative solutions to redress the power-sharing balance between women and men. Offering a unique comparative perspective, Sharing Power will appeal to students and scholars of politics, women's studies, history and legislative studies.

Women in Executive Power studies the participation of women in the political executive around the world-notably in cabinet positions as ministers and sub-ministers and as heads of government and state. Providing multiple case studies in each chapter, the book provides regional overviews of nine different world regions covering those with the fewest to the most women in executive power. Evaluating the role of socio-cultural, economic and political variables of women's access to cabinet positions and positions of head of state and government, the book shows that women are increasingly moving into positions previously considered 'male'. Tracing the historical trends of women's participation in governments that has markedly increased in the last two decades, the book assesses the factors that have contributed to women's increasing presence in executives and the extent to which women executives, once in office, represent women's interests. With case studies from Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa, the Arab world and Oceania, Women in Executive Power will be of interest to scholars of comparative politics, gender and women's studies.

The Ashgate Research Companion to Lesbian and Gay Activism provides scholars and students with a comprehensive and authoritative state-of-the-art review of the current research in this subject. Each of the 22 specially commissioned chapters develops and summarises their key issue or debate in relation to activism-that is the claims, strategies and mobilisations (including internal debates and divisions, impediments and state responses) of the lesbian and gay movement. By drawing together leading scholars from political science, sociology, anthropology and history this companion provides an up to the minute snapshot of current scholarship as well as signposting several fruitful avenues for future research. This book is both an invaluable resource for scholars and an indispensable teaching tool for use in the classroom.

The first book-length treatment of the political representation of women in countries with parliamentary systems based on the Westminster model.

Written by a major international team of authors, this new study features twelve chapters on both new and established parliaments, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It tests the latest theories about women's political representation within Westminster style assemblies and is organized into three key sections that:

• examine the extent to which the descriptive representation of women in the 'old' Westminster parliaments has progressed in recent years, and the factors which have enhanced or impeded development.
• explore the relationship between the numbers of women elected and the substantive representation of women - or the extent that women 'act for' women.
• review the recent experiences of four 'new' Westminster parliaments (Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Nunavut) and evaluate the political opportunities for women provided by the creation of new institutions.

This new comparative study will be of great interest to students and researchers of legislative studies and of gender politics and gender studies.

Written by a major international team of authors, this is the first book-length treatment of the political representation of women in countries sharing a Westminster-based political regime. Featuring twelve chapters on new and established parliaments in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, this new book tests the latest and most broad-based theories about women's numerical and substantive political representation within the context of the commonalities and variations that have evolved from the Westminster legacy. The book is organized into three sections: Firstly, the book examines the extent to which the descriptive representation of women in the "old" Westminster parliaments has progressed in recent years, and the factors which have enhanced or impeded this progress. Secondly, the book explores the relationship between the numbers of women elected and the substantive representation of women - that is, the extent that women "act for" women. Lastly, the volume reviews the recent experiences of four "new" Westminster parliaments (Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Nunavut) and evaluates the political opportunities for women provided by the creation of new institutions. This comparative study will be of interest to students and researchers of legislative studies and gender politics / studies.

The representation of women in parliament is a subject of extensive research and a focus for political action in the last decade. The wide variation in women's parliamentary presence contradicts the expectation that established or consolidated democracies are more supportive of the presence of women in political life than emerging democracies. This volume explains this variation through a series of closely investigated case studies from the post-Communist transition democracies of Eastern Europe and emerging democracies in Asia and the Middle East to the long-established liberal democratic states. The volume examines the history of women's legislative involvement, clearly addressing the issue of equal opportunities for women in political life on a cross-national basis. It also identifies innovative solutions to redress the power-sharing balance between women and men. Offering a unique comparative perspective, Sharing Power will appeal to students and scholars of politics, women's studies, history and legislative studies.

By analyzing the relationship between lesbian and gay movements and the state, this ground-breaking book addresses two interconnected issues: to what extent is the lesbian and gay movement influenced by the state and, to a lesser extent, whether the lesbian and gay movement has somehow influenced the state, for instance by altering forms of sexual regulation. Given the diversity in national trajectories, this book covers fifteen countries. This enables the volume to shed light on different kinds of relationships between these groups and the state, as well as on the way they have evolved in recent decades. The Lesbian and Gay Movement and the State: Comparative Insights into a Transformed Relationship fills an important gap in the literature on lesbian and gay activism. However, this book also provides important and innovative insights into broader issues in international political science, public policy and comparative politics, as well as issues in social movement studies. These include the role of the state in constructing citizen identities, the heteronormative way in which many traditional citizen entitlements and benefits were constructed, state - civil society relations, judicial activism, the impact of federalism, and the increasing globalization of sexual identities.

The Palgrave Handbook of Gender, Sexuality, and Canadian Politics offers the first and only handbook in the field of Canadian politics that uses 'gender' (which it interprets broadly, as inclusive of sex, sexualities, and other intersecting identities) as its category of analysis. Its premise is that political actors' identities frame how Canadian politics is thought, told, and done; in turn, Canadian politics, as a set of ideas, state institutions and decision-making processes, and civil society mobilizations, does and redoes gender. Following the standard structure of mainstream introductory Canadian politics textbooks, this handbook is divided into four sections (ideologies, institutions, civil society, and public policy) each of which contains several chapters on topics commonly taught in Canadian politics classes. The originality of the handbook lies in its approach: each chapter reviews the basics of a given topic from the perspective of gendered/sexualized and other intersectional identities. Such an approach makes the handbook the only one of its kind in Canadian Politics.

The Palgrave Handbook of Gender, Sexuality, and Canadian Politics offers the first and only handbook in the field of Canadian politics that uses 'gender' (which it interprets broadly, as inclusive of sex, sexualities, and other intersecting identities) as its category of analysis. Its premise is that political actors' identities frame how Canadian politics is thought, told, and done; in turn, Canadian politics, as a set of ideas, state institutions and decision-making processes, and civil society mobilizations, does and redoes gender. Following the standard structure of mainstream introductory Canadian politics textbooks, this handbook is divided into four sections (ideologies, institutions, civil society, and public policy) each of which contains several chapters on topics commonly taught in Canadian politics classes. The originality of the handbook lies in its approach: each chapter reviews the basics of a given topic from the perspective of gendered/sexualized and other intersectional identities. Such an approach makes the handbook the only one of its kind in Canadian Politics.

This book considers the impact that the increasing number of LGBQ politicians in Canada has had on the political representation of LGBTQ people and communities. Based on analysis of parliamentary speeches and interviews with 28 out LGBQ parliamentarians in Canada between 2017 and 2020, Tremblay shows how out LGBQ MLAs and MPs take advantage of their intermediary position between the LGBTQ movement and the state to represent LGBTQ people and communities. For example, the politicians in this study introduce pro-LGBTQ bills, lobby cabinet ministers, act as a bridge between LGBTQ groups and the civil service, and give talks in schools about their identities. Most importantly, they act as role models for LGBTQ people (particularly children and teens) and contribute to lifting the social stigma around sexuality and gender identity. This latest volume in our Sustainable Development Goals series underlines that SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) can only be accomplished with political representation for the LGBTQ community and minority groups in general.

This book considers the impact that the increasing number of LGBQ politicians in Canada has had on the political representation of LGBTQ people and communities. Based on analysis of parliamentary speeches and interviews with 28 out LGBQ parliamentarians in Canada between 2017 and 2020, Tremblay shows how out LGBQ MLAs and MPs take advantage of their intermediary position between the LGBTQ movement and the state to represent LGBTQ people and communities. For example, the politicians in this study introduce pro-LGBTQ bills, lobby cabinet ministers, act as a bridge between LGBTQ groups and the civil service, and give talks in schools about their identities. Most importantly, they act as role models for LGBTQ people (particularly children and teens) and contribute to lifting the social stigma around sexuality and gender identity. This latest volume in our Sustainable Development Goals series underlines that SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) can only be accomplished with political representation for the LGBTQ community and minority groups in general.

The Ashgate Research Companion to Lesbian and Gay Activism provides scholars and students with a comprehensive and authoritative state-of-the-art review of the current research in this subject. Each of the 22 specially commissioned chapters develops and summarises their key issue or debate in relation to activism-that is the claims, strategies and mobilisations (including internal debates and divisions, impediments and state responses) of the lesbian and gay movement. By drawing together leading scholars from political science, sociology, anthropology and history this companion provides an up to the minute snapshot of current scholarship as well as signposting several fruitful avenues for future research. This book is both an invaluable resource for scholars and an indispensable teaching tool for use in the classroom.

Political representation requires participation: voting, joining political parties, running as candidates, acting as politicians. Yet the election of openly LGBTQ people is a relatively recent phenomenon in the West. Queering Representation explores long-ignored issues relating to LGBTQ voters and politicians in Canada. What are the LGBTQ electorate's characteristics and voting behaviours? What part do the media play in framing straight voters' perceptions of out LGBTQ politicians? What pathways to power do LGBTQ politicians follow? Do they represent LGBTQ people and communities, and if so, how is this role articulated? And finally, how do Canadian party ideologies shape LGBTQ representation?

Following significant increases in women's electoral
representation in the 1980s and '90s, progress has stalled. Despite
some high-profile successes at the provincial level, there are now only
a few more women in Canada's parliament and legislatures than a
decade ago. What has happened to the representational gains for women
and why does gender parity remain so elusive?

To answer these questions, "Stalled" provides a detailed
roadmap of women's political representation as candidates,
office-holders, cabinet ministers, party leaders, and as
representatives of the Crown at all levels of government across Canada.
Chapter contributors explore the efforts of political parties,
governments, and women's organizations to recruit more women
candidates and to promote women into executive positions. They assess
prospects for gender parity in political office in each jurisdiction
and institution. In the concluding chapter, the volume editors
re-examine, integrate, and analyze the findings using data from across
the country.

The representation of women in elected and appointed offices is an
important indicator of both gender equality and the overall health of
democratic governance. By this measure Canada continues to fall
short.

Linda Trimble is a professor in the Political
Science Department at the University of Alberta. Jane
Arscott is an associate professor in the Faculty of Humanities
and Social Sciences at Athabasca University. Manon
Tremblay is a professor in the School of Political
Studies at the University of Ottawa.

Contributors: Sylvia Bashevkin, Loleen Berdahl,
Amanda Bittner, Naomi Black, Louise Carbert, John Crossley, Joanna
Everitt, Elizabeth Goodyear-Grant, Anne Mevellec, Stephanie Mullen,
Brenda O'Neill, Jocelyne Praud, Tracey Raney, Shannon Sampert,
Graham White, Lisa Young"

Both yesterday's suffragists and today's feminists have battled for women to vote and hold office, and their successes have made it possible for countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Iceland, Liberia, and the United Kingdom to have female heads of state. Despite these notable advances, women are still largely underrepresented in parliaments and governments around the world. Why, after so many years of feminist struggle, are women still obstructed from full political citizenship by a glass ceiling? Manon Tremblay's 100 Questions about Women and Politics discusses electoral politics in Canada and abroad, focusing on women's rights to vote and run for office in legislative elections, political parties, voting systems, electoral quotas for women, and participation in parliaments and governments. Against a background of observations taken from academic research, Tremblay uses an innovative approach by dividing her book into 100 questions and answers to address a range of important issues. Are electorates sexist or lesbophobic? Are family responsibilities a real obstacle to women's engagement in politics? What strategies are available to increase the number of female politicians? Are gender quotas democratic? Once elected to office, do women represent women? How does women's political citizenship in Canada compare to that in other countries? A timely book on the unfinished work of representative democracy, 100 Questions about Women and Politics takes a comprehensive yet concise approach to demystifying the major issues dominating the study of gender and government.

Canada is considered a leader when it comes to LGBTQ rights, yet this is a fairly recent phenomenon - one that is largely due to the tireless work of disparate groups of LGBTQ activists. Queer Mobilizations examines the relationships between LGBTQ activists and local, provincial, and federal Canadian governments. The contributors explore how various governments have tried to regulate and repress LGBTQ movements, and how, in turn, queer activists have successfully shaped public policy, across the political spectrum, from city halls to Parliament Hill.

Both yesterday's suffragists and today's feminists have battled for women to vote and hold office, and their successes have made it possible for countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Iceland, Liberia, and the United Kingdom to have female heads of state. Despite these notable advances, women are still largely underrepresented in parliaments and governments around the world. Why, after so many years of feminist struggle, are women still obstructed from full political citizenship by a glass ceiling? Manon Tremblay's 100 Questions about Women and Politics discusses electoral politics in Canada and abroad, focusing on women's rights to vote and run for office in legislative elections, political parties, voting systems, electoral quotas for women, and participation in parliaments and governments. Against a background of observations taken from academic research, Tremblay uses an innovative approach by dividing her book into 100 questions and answers to address a range of important issues. Are electorates sexist or lesbophobic? Are family responsibilities a real obstacle to women's engagement in politics? What strategies are available to increase the number of female politicians? Are gender quotas democratic? Once elected to office, do women represent women? How does women's political citizenship in Canada compare to that in other countries? A timely book on the unfinished work of representative democracy, 100 Questions about Women and Politics takes a comprehensive yet concise approach to demystifying the major issues dominating the study of gender and government.

This collection of essays explores the often antagonistic relationship between women and political life in Canada. While women make up little over half of the total population in Canada, they are in many ways conspicuous by their absence from the Canadian political scene.

Canada is considered a leader when it comes to LGBTQ rights, yet this is a fairly recent phenomenon - one that is largely due to the tireless work of disparate groups of LGBTQ activists. Queer Mobilizations examines the relationships between LGBTQ activists and local, provincial, and federal Canadian governments. The contributors explore how various governments have tried to regulate and repress LGBTQ movements, and how, in turn, queer activists have successfully shaped public policy, across the political spectrum, from city halls to Parliament Hill.

Women represent a slight majority of Quebec's population, yet they continue to occupy a minority of seats in its National Assembly and in Canada's House of Commons and Senate. To explain why this is, Manon Tremblay examines Quebec women's political engagements from 1791 to the present. She traces the path that led to women obtaining the rights to vote and run for office and then draws on statistics and interviews with female politicians to paint an indepth portrait of women's underrepresentation and its main causes. Her innovative account not only documents the significant democratic deficit in Canada's parliamentary systems, it also outlines strategies to improve women's access to legislative representation in Canada and elsewhere.

Manon Tremblay is a professor of political science at the University of Ottawa. K the Roth has been a literary translator, working mainly in historical nonfiction, for more than twenty years. She lives and works in SaintLazare, Quebec.

Women represent a slight majority of Quebec's population, yetthey continue to occupy a minority of seats in its National Assemblyand in Canada's House of Commons and Senate. To explain why thisis, Manon Tremblay examines Quebec women's political engagementsfrom 1791 to the present. She traces the path that led to womenobtaining the rights to vote and run for office and then draws onstatistics and interviews with female politicians to paint an in-depthportrait of women's under-representation and its main causes. Herinnovative account not only documents the significant democraticdeficit in Canada's parliamentary systems, it also outlinesstrategies to improve women's access to legislative representationin Canada and elsewhere.